Monte Carlo (MC) techniques are increasingly involved in a variety of established areas in radiation therapy ranging from radiation dosimetry, treatment planning, development and evaluation of treatment techniques, brachytherapy, etc. In addition to these mainstream areas, MC techniques can be very useful in conjunction with emerging areas involving anatomical and functional imaging for planning and verification, transport in dynamic patient models built from temporal image information using deformable registration and track structure modeling to improve understanding about biological effects of ionizing radiation quality. Research in these emerging areas requires the participation of the various complementary sub-disciplines represented at this workshop.